The Kerman region stands out as one of the most significant mining areas globally, owing to its extensive and abundant mineral reSOURCES. Bam County, situated in the southeastern part of Kerman, has HISTORICALly served as a crucial hub connecting the southeast of Iran with Sistan and Afghanistan, attributed to its distinctive geological and geomorphological characteristics. Enjoying considerable commercial and military importance since the Sassanid era, Bam County has garnered attention in archaeological research as a strategically vital region. The exploration of Bam's archaeological sites becomes imperative for HISTORICAL governments, highlighting the need to investigate and comprehend ancient centers engaged in metal smelting and mining activities. Consequently, an archaeological survey of the central part of Bam County was initiated in 2018-2019 with the specific objective of identifying metal smelting workshops and ancient mines. This article presents the outcomes of a field survey conducted in the central part of Bam County, shedding light on evidence of metal smelting centers, furnaces, and HISTORICAL mining activities. The primary research inquiries center around the chronology of mining evidence in the central part of Bam County, the types of metals extracted, and the processes involved in metal mining and metallurgy within this region. Employing field and documentary methods, the research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The study identified and examined eight sites showcasing evidence of smelting and slag, one ancient mine, and two active mines. These sites have been associated with the extraction and processing of metals and elements such as tin, zinc, lead, silver, iron, and, to a lesser extent, gold. Notably, the substantial volume of zinc and zinc oxide processing in seven sites holds significance. Although cultural materials for chronological dating were absent in the investigated sites, HISTORICAL SOURCES indicate that the extraction and smelting of these metals in the region date back to at least the 3rd century AH (9th century AD) and persisted until the Qajar period

Little research has been administered regarding the various aspects of Iran’s social history; one of the reasons being probably the scarcity of SOURCES which has encouraged extremely few people to undertake investigation in this area. Although few SOURCES exist on the topic of the social history of Iran, there has been no real hindrance to conducting research, because once proper information about social events has been drawn from political chronicles, supplemented by SOURCES contemporaneously written (such as lexicons, literary and jurisprudential texts and even books on agriculture etc.) as well as travelogues and relevant documents, one can undertake desirable investigations in the domain of social history and its ancillary branches.By taking an analytical perspective toward the HISTORICAL SOURCES from the Safavid period, the present article intends to examine the rural sociography in these SOURCES.

The ancient region of Makran is located in the southeast of the Iranian plateau and on the northern shores of the Makran Sea, whose borders stretch from Pars and Kerman in the west to Sindh in the east. This vast area was limited to Khorasan and HISTORICAL Sistan from the nort This region has a valuable history of several thousand years and civilization and a special geographical location. The South Sea of Iran has been called the "Sea of Makran" for centuries due to its proximity to the land of Makran and has played an important role in the events in the south and southeast of Iran and its ports have long had a privileged commercial position. The passage of merchant ships and caravans carrying goods from India, China, Yemen, the Red Sea, and the east coast of Africa to the eastern regions made it one of the busiest areas for maritime and land trade. Makran cities such as the port of Tiz Faraj, Bampur, Cage, etc. were considered as important anchorages and rest areas of these roads. In this article, an attempt is made to examine the HISTORICAL background of the Makran Sea using HISTORICAL and geographical SOURCES, and the reason for changing the HISTORICAL and Iranian name "Makran" to "Oman" after centuries, along with the role of British colonialism in this change. Investigate and find out why, since the opening of the colonial powers to all parts of the world, including Central Asia, many countries have changed their names and HISTORICAL and geographical declarations with direct intervention, and the HISTORICAL name "Makran Sea" has been removed from new HISTORICAL and geographical documents. And instead the nameless and unprecedented name was "Sea of Oman".

A number of Iranian intellectuals and historians paid special attention to the Japan progression pattern in the years before the Constitutional Revolution in Iran in1906 and tried to describe it. This research tried to describe and analyze the progression pattern of Japan from the perspective of the mentioned people. The data was gathered using library reSOURCES. The results indicated that the HISTORICAL SOURCES under investigation could provide a rational analysis of the reasons for the Japan progression pattern. Skepticism and critical and rational explanations could also be observed in these works. They have tried to explain the why and the what of the Japanese progressive pattern to provide a model for the Iranian progressive movement.

The rule of the Kurdish Ayyubids in Egypt, Syria and Yemen, their wars against the crusaders, the fall of the Fatimids in Egypt at the hand of this dynasty and their defeat of the Zangid atabaks in the Jazira and Syria, constitute some of the most important events in Islamic history. Before attempting a study of this dynastys rule in Egypt, Syria and the J azira, their beliefs and practices or the buildings which have survived from the period, it is necessary to complete a scientific evaluation of the SOURCES. In this paper, the existing SOURCES have been divided into four groups. I have concentrated on the first group: original SOURCES.

The relationship between HISTORICAL Sociology (HS) and International Relations (IR) is one of the relatively new fields of study, which has attracted the attention of researchers and activists of both fields during the last few decades. In other words, the impact of the international environment on internal developments is the basis for the emergence of this field of study with general titles such as International HISTORICAL Sociology (IHS) or HISTORICAL Sociology of International Relations (HSIR) during the first years or decade of the current century. The theoretical research on the book “Global HISTORICAL Sociology” (GHS), raises the question of whether it is possible to know global HISTORICAL sociology as a conjuncture point between the mentioned fields of study. The authors of the book criticized this tenet as a transdisciplinary branch that includes three areas: World Sociology, HISTORICAL Sociology, and World History. The studies carried out show that ambiguity in the possibility of methodological integration of the fields of sociology and history on the one hand and neglecting the position of the state in global transformations or its overlapping with the newly emerging field of Global Studies causes the current deficiencies in the content and methodological coherence of the book. However, the mentioned attitude can be more carefully considered and developed in the future. In this article, it will be tried to express the strengths and weaknesses of this work with a critical view.

Under the Ayyubids, due to the extinction of the Shiite government of Fatimids and the state’ s suppressive anti-Shiite policy, the ground was prepared for the emergence of sectarian leanings of the Sunnite historiographers in Egypt and Syria that could reveal their real positions towards Shiism and its manifestations. Those historians’ approach to Shiism and its ideas is the subject of the present inquiry. This inquiry deals with the following two topics: (1) the true instance of Shiism for the historians; and (2) the Shiite doctrinal themes such as Ahl al-Bayt (or Itrat), superiority of Ahl al-Bayt, Karbala incident, Mahdawiyyat, and the like. To do so, the prominent HISTORICAL works from some Sunnite historiographers of that time were investigated and compared in two general groups: dogmatic historians such as Imaduddin Isfahani, Abu Shama, and Ibn Wasel; and the fair historians such as Ibn Adim, Ibn Khallikan, and Sebt ibn Jowzi. The findings of this study show that Twelver Shiism was the instance of official Shiism for those historians, and rest of the sects were conceived as the deviated ramifications of it. The positions of most of those historians regarding the Shiite doctrinal themes are mainly close, with some minor differences, to Imamiya’ s views. Thus, those historians’ cursing found sometimes on the Shiites was directed to Ismailiyya and its branches, not to Imamiya.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Jangannameh, written by Mirza Hassan Atashi Shirazi (13th century AH), is a poem in Farsi about the battles of Imam Ali (a. s. ) and the successors of the Shia imams, and it is one of the religious epics, half of which is written in Bahr Mutaqar and the other half in The format of the poem is written and the exact date of its composition is not known. This work is among the works of popular literature and was written under the influence of the thoughts and emotions of the masses of people, and from this point of view, examining the HISTORICAL SOURCES of its stories will be worthy of attention in order to understand the thoughts ruling the minds of the general public in the 13th century of Hijri. METHODOLOGY: The work method is descriptive-analytical and it was done with library tools. In this essay, the researcher is looking for the answer to the question, from what SOURCES did Atashi get the stories of this war book? FINDINGS: In composing this work, the poet has used ancient HISTORICAL SOURCES, verses, traditions and stories, as well as some stories that were popular among the common people during the poet"s time. In the meantime, he also mentioned stories that have no HISTORICAL roots and seem to be made up by the minds of the common people and storytellers. CONCLUSION: The author has taken the famous HISTORICAL stories such as the Battle of Kheyber, the story of Umar ibn Abdud, and the birth of Hazrat Rasool from various ancient SOURCES, and he has taken the fictitious stories of the battle with demons and dragons from storytellers and common people.

This research article examines legal discrimination against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library SOURCES and descriptive and HISTORICAL research methods to examine the legal status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

Being selected as a capital city during Il-khanid dynasty (1256-1335), Tabriz confronted a largescale immigration to the city. Very soon it caused the formation of several neighborhoods each as large as the old city area, by the city wall gates. Accordingly the land ownership in Rabaz became as important as Sharistan and gradually in the land registration documents as well as endowment documents the terms of “inner and outer quarters” and “inside and outside the city” could be found abundantly. Since the area of the old wall has been used as a criterion for separating the position of quarters and determining the area of the old city, the excavation within the boundaries of the old wall of Tabriz (construction: 435 A.H.) is an influential factor in the recognition of the physical development of the historic city. Therefore, the present research attempts to reconsider the structural system of the city of Tabriz during the Middle Ages by identifying the boundaries of the old wall of Tabriz, and the number and the locations of its gates. On the other hand, considering that the map of Dar al-Saltaneh-e Tabriz (Draw: 1297 AH /1880 A.D) indicates the position of the nine gates of the Najafqoli-Ḵāni Wall, this question arises that the boundary of the old wall of Tabriz to the recent wall of the city that after the earthquake of 1194 A.H. /1780 A.D. has been constructed, in which position has it been? Thus, by using HISTORICAL SOURCES, the name and number of the gates and the location of each one were studied separately. Then, in order to determine the locations of the gates of the old wall, the obtained data was compared to the data from the Dar-al-Saltaneh map. In order to achieve the research objectives, qualitative content analysis method for data analysis has been used. Data collection SOURCES include written and visual documents such as historians’ books, endowments, and HISTORICAL maps. Finally, the results were drawn up in the form of a sketch city map dating to the end of the 6th century A.H., indicating the overlapping of the area of the Tabriz’s old wall with the boundaries of the Najafqoli-Ḵāni Wall.